Carroll’s Theory

In 1962 John Carroll presented the model of school learning. It explained the effort spent in relation to the effort needed. There were six elements to this model. It started with aptitude, which is defined as the time needed. Then it translates into 4 different elements. The first is the opportunity to learn which is the time available to learn in and outside the classroom. The second is the ability to understand instruction that is given, which depends on the learning skills of the student. The third is the quality of instructional events, which means if quality of instruction is bad time needed to complete a task, will increase. The last is perseverance, which is the time a student is willing to spend learning. From these four elements only one output element is present which academic achievement is. He also wrote “The model of school learning assumes that students differ in the amount of learning time they need. If these differences are to be adequately taken account of, considerable skill in classroom management is required of teachers”.